[出处]

 Silberberg M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Commun L, Mialon MM, Monteils V, Mosoni P, Morgavi DP, Martin C. Repeated acidosis challenges and live yeast supplementation shape rumen microbiota and fermentations and modulate inflammatory status in sheep. Animal. 2013 Oct 15:1-11.

[ABSTRACT]

 This study aimed to investigate the impact of repeated acidosis challenges (ACs) and the effect of live yeast supplementation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae I-1077, SC) on rumen fermentation, microbial ecosystem and inflammatory response. The experimental design involved two groups (SC, n=6; Control, n=6) of rumen fistulated wethers that were successively exposed to three ACs of 5 days each, preceded and followed by resting periods (RPs) of 23 days. AC diets consisted of 60% wheat-based concentrate and 40% hay, whereas RPs diets consisted of 20% concentrate and 80% hay. ACs induced changes in rumen fermentative parameters (pH, lactate and volatile fatty-acid concentrations and proportions) as well as in microbiota composition and diversity. The first challenge drove the fermentation pattern towards propionate. During successive challenges, rumen pH measures worsened in the control group and the fermentation profile was characterised by a higher butyrate proportion and changes in the microbiota. The first AC induced a strong release of rumen histamine and lipopolysaccharide that triggered the increase of acute-phase proteins in the plasma. This inflammatory status was maintained during all AC repetitions. Our study suggests that the response of sheep to an acidosis diet is greatly influenced by the feeding history of individuals. In live yeast-supplemented animals, the first AC was as drastic as in control sheep.However, during subsequent challenges, yeast supplementation contributed to stabilise fermentative parameters, promoted protozoal numbers and decreased lactate producing bacteria. At the systemic level, yeast helped normalising the inflammatory status of the animals.

[中文摘要]   

这项研究旨在探讨发生反复性酸中毒（ACS）和补充活性酵母菌（酿酒酵母I- 1077，SC）对瘤胃发酵，微生物生态系统和炎症反应的影响。本实验设计两组（SC，n= 6 ；对照组，n = 6 ）瘤胃瘘管的阉羊，在ACS休止期（RPS）的前后23天里每5天连续发生3次 ACS。AC日粮包括60％小麦为主的精料和40％的干草，而RPs的饮食包括20 ％的小麦精料和80％的干草。AC引起瘤胃发酵参数的变化，包括pH值，乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸浓度和比例，以及在微生物菌群的组成和多样性。第一次发病导致开启丙酸发酵模式。在连续的发病期间，对照组中瘤胃pH值紊乱，发酵曲线发现丁酸比例较高，从而改变微生物菌群。第一次AC诱导瘤胃组胺和脂多糖的大量释放，它们会引发等离子体中急性期反应蛋白的增加。整个AC发作期间一直持续这种炎症状态。我们的研究表明，绵羊对酸中毒日粮的反应受到群体饲喂方式极大地影响。补充活酵母对照组的绵羊第一次酸中毒反应很剧烈。但是在之后的发作中，补充酵母有助于稳定发酵参数，提高原虫数量和降低乳酸菌。在系统层面来说，酵母有助于绵羊炎症状态正常化。

7、[中文题目]  

采食内生菌感染的高羊茅的绵羊偏爱含有单宁的补充料

[全部的英文单位]

INRA, Unité d'Expérimentation 1354 sur les Ruminants de Theix, Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.

[全部的中文单位]

法国农业科学研究院，反刍动物实验研究中心1354，泰镇，F-63122圣热内尚帕内尔，法国。

[出处] Bernard M, Maughan B, Villalba JJ. Preference for tannin-containing supplements by sheep consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue hay. J Anim Sci. 2013 Jul;91(7):3445-56.

[ABSTRACT]

Tannins may bind to alkaloids in endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue and attenuate fescue toxicosis. To test this hypothesis, thirty-two 4-mo-old lambs were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (8 lambs/treatment) in a 2 by 2 factorial design that included a basal diet of tall fescue hay [E+ or endophyte-free (E-)] supplemented with (TS) or without (CS) bioactive Quebracho tannins. The concentration of ergovaline in E+ fed in 2 successive phases was 65 ± 21 µg/kg (Phase 1) and 128 ± 4 µg/kg (Phase 2). After exposure to hays and supplements, all lambs were offered choices between TS and CS and between E+ and E- hays. During Phase 1, lambs offered E+ consumed more hay than lambs offered E- (P = 0.03). Lambs on E+/TS displayed the greatest intake of hay and the least intake of TS (P < 0.05). During Phase 2, when the concentration of ergovaline increased, lambs offered E+ consumed less hay than lambs fed E- (P < 0.0001). Lambs on E+/CS consumed less hay than lambs on E-/CS (P = 0.02), but hay intake by lambs on E-/TS and E+/TS did not differ (P = 0.96). Lambs preferred CS to TS during preference tests (P < 0.0001) and lambs on E+/TS ingested the least amounts of supplement TS and the greatest amounts of supplement CS (P = 0.001). Lambs offered E+ displayed greater body temperatures than lambs offered E- in both phases (P < 0.05). When offered a choice among the 3 hays, lambs previously exposed to E+ preferred E+ (low content of ergovaline) > E- > E+ (greater content of ergovaline; P < 0.001). Thus, decreased concentrations of ergovaline increased rectal temperatures, and affected intake of and preference for tannins and fescue hay. Quebracho tannins did not attenuate the effects of E+ on body temperature and feed intake. Ingestion of E+ reduced intake of quebracho tannins, suggesting that alkaloids in E+ antagonized ingestion of condensed tannins.

[中文摘要]

单宁可以结合到被内生真菌感染的高羊茅中的生物碱（E+）并减弱羊茅草中毒症状。为了检验这一假设，通过2×2析因设计将32只4月龄羔羊随机分配成4个处理组（8羔羊/处理组），由有内生菌的高羊茅干草 (É+)或无内生真菌的高羊茅干草（E-），以及有活性坚木单宁（TS）或无活性坚木单宁（CS）为辅组成的基础的日粮。两个连续时间段饲喂的E+中麦角缬氨酸的浓度为65±21微克/公斤（第一阶段）和128±4微克/公斤（第二阶段）。提供大量的干草和辅料，所有的羔羊可以在TS和CS两者之间，E +和E?干草之间中自由选择选择。在第1阶段，羔羊采食含E+ 比E-干草的多(P = 0.03)。羔羊对E+/TS显现出最多摄取和对TS最少摄取( P <0.05)。在第2阶段，当麦角缬氨酸的浓度增加，羔羊采食的E+比E-干草少(P <0.0001)。羊羔对E+/CS的摄取比对E-/CS的摄取少(P = 0.02)，但羊羔对E-/TS和E+/TS干草的摄入量没有显着差异(P = 0.96)。在偏好测试期间CS比TS更受到羔羊喜欢(P <0.0001)，并且羔羊在E+/TS组最大限度地摄取补充料TS以及最小限度地摄取补充料CS (P = 0.001)。羔羊在这两个阶段采食E+后的体温比采食E-后的体温高(P < 0.05 )。当在3种干草中作出选择，羊选择的次序是E+(麦角缬氨酸含量低）> E- > E + (麦角缬氨酸含量高，P <0.001)。因此，降低麦角缬氨酸浓度能增加直肠温度从而影响对单宁和羊茅干草的摄入量和偏爱。坚木单宁酸没有减弱E+对体温和采食量的影响。采食E+降低坚木单宁酸的摄入，这表明E+中的生物碱对摄入浓缩的单宁有拮抗作用。

8、[中文题目]

母羊体内移植冻存的未成熟卵巢后卵巢功能恢复

[全部的英文单位]  

Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.

[全部的中文单位]

法国国家健康和医学研究院U693，克雷姆兰-比塞特尔，法国。

[出处]

Sauvat F, Bouilly J, Capito C, Lefèvre A, Blachère T, Borenstein N, Sarnacki S, Dandolo L, Binart N. Ovarian function is restored after grafting of cryopreserved immature ovary in ewes. FASEB J. 2013 Apr;27(4):1511-8.

[ABSTRACT]  

As a result of advances in medical treatment, almost 80% of children who are diagnosed with cancer survive long-term. The adverse consequences of cancer treatments include impaired puberty and fertility. In prepubertal girls, the only therapeutic option is the cryopreservation of an ovary. To date, a dozen births have been reported after reimplantation of cryopreserved mature ovaries. To analyze ovarian function after immature grafts, we performed ovarian grafting in a ewe model. Fresh or cryopreserved ovaries from immature ewes were autografted in prepubertal or adult ewes. Cyclic hormonal activity was recovered 3 mo after grafting. Histological analysis demonstrated the presence of all follicle populations and corpora lutea not affected by cryopreservation. After 3 reproductive seasons, births had been observed in all groups, and the follicle-stimulating hormone status was under the limit, which indicated an exhausted ovary. As an indicator of potential imprinting default, the methylation status of the Igf2r gene was analyzed and did not show significant alteration compared with that of nonmanipulated animals. Taken together, these results demonstrate that immature ovarian grafting is able to restore spontaneous puberty and fertility and could guide the reimplantation of immature cortex in women.

[中文摘要]

由于医疗水平的不断进步，近80％被诊断患有癌症的孩子可以存活很久。癌症治疗的不良后果，包括受损的青春期发育和生育能力。发育前的女孩，唯一的治疗方法是卵巢冷冻保存。迄今为止，已报道十几个新生儿是通过冻存的成熟卵巢进行再植后生育出来的。为了分析未成熟移植后卵巢功能，我们在母羊模型上进行卵巢移植术。采取不成熟母羊的新鲜或冷冻保存的卵巢，自身移植在青春期或成年母羊上。移植后3个月周期性激素水平恢复。组织学分析表明，所有的卵泡数量和黄体的状态不会受到冷冻储存的影响。经过3个繁殖周期，各组都观察到新生羔羊和促卵泡激素水平低于临界值，这表明卵巢已衰竭。作为潜在的印记默认的指标，对IGF2R基因的甲基化水平进行分析，相比于未移植的羊没有发生显著改变。总之，这些结果表明，未成熟卵巢移植能够恢复初情期和生育能力，并能指导女性未成熟的皮质再植。

9、[中文题目] 

绵羊和山羊感染关节炎脑炎病毒后不同宿主—病毒之间的相互作用

[全部的英文单位]

Anses, Niort Laboratory, Ruminant Retrovirus Unit, Niort, France.

[全部的中文单位]  

自然科学研究院，尼奥尔实验室，反刍动物逆转录酶研究中心，法国。

[出处]  

 Rachid A, Croisé B, Russo P, Vignoni M, Lacerenza D, Rosati S, Kuzmak J, Valas S. Diverse host-virus interactions following caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in sheep and goats. J Gen Virol. 2013 Mar;94(Pt 3):634-42.

[ABSTRACT]

Interspecies transmissions substantially contribute to the epidemiology of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), including caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and visna-maëdi virus. However, comprehensive studies of host-virus interactions during SRLV adaptation to the new host are lacking. In this study, virological and serological features were analysed over a 6 month period in five sheep and three goats experimentally infected with a CAEV strain. Provirus load at the early stage of infection was significantly higher in sheep than in goats. A broad antibody reactivity against the matrix and capsid proteins was detected in goats, whereas the response to these antigens was mostly type-specific in sheep. The humoral response to the major immunodominant domain of the surface unit glycoprotein was type-specific, regardless of the host species. These species-specific immune responses were then confirmed in naturally infected sheep and goats using sera from mixed flocks in which interspecies transmissions were reported. Taken together, these results provide evidence that SRLV infections evolve in a host-dependent manner, with distinct host-virus interactions in sheep and goats, and highlight the need to consider both SRLV genotypes in diagnosis, particularly in sheep.

[中文摘要]

种间传播充分地促进了小型反刍动物慢病毒（SRLVs）的流行病学研究，包括山羊关节炎脑炎病毒（CAEV）和绵羊脱髓鞘性脑白质炎的流行病学。然而，对于在SRLV适应新的宿主过程中宿主—病毒相互作用的综合性研究相对缺乏。在这项研究中，对病毒学和血清学特征进行了分析，选取5只绵羊和3只山羊以6个月以上为一周期人工感染CAEV菌株。在感染的早期阶段，前病毒载量绵羊显著高于山羊。山羊中检测到基质和衣壳蛋白的免疫抗体反应，而对这些抗原产生反应的都是特定的羊。无论哪种宿主，糖蛋白表面单元的的主要免疫显性域的体液应答具有特异性。那么这些物种特异性免疫反应自然状态下使用混合群血清感染绵羊和山羊，这一种间传递已经报道。总之，这些结果提供的证据表明，由于绵羊和山羊不同的宿主-病毒相互作用，SRLV感染推断出宿主依赖性，并强调需要考虑两个SRLV基因型的诊断，特别是在绵羊上。

10、[中文题目]   

双酚A和怀孕母羊和它的新生羔羊甲状腺功能的改变相关关系。

[全部的英文单位]

 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Institut National Polytechnique/Université Paul Sabatire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Physiologie, 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, F-31076 Toulouse cedex 3, France.

[出处]  

 Viguié C, Collet SH, Gayrard V, Picard-Hagen N, Puel S, Roques BB, Toutain PL, Lacroix MZ. Maternal and fetal exposure to bisphenol a is associated with alterations of thyroid function in pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs. Endocrinology. 2013 Jan;154(1):521-8.

[ABSTRACT]   

The putative thyroid-disrupting properties of bisphenol A (BPA) highlight the need for an evaluation of fetal exposure and its consequence on the mother/newborn thyroid functions in models relevant to human. The goals of this study were to characterize in sheep a relevant model for human pregnancy and thyroid physiology, the internal exposures of the fetuses and their mothers to BPA and its main metabolite BPA-glucuronide (Gluc), and to determine to what extent it might be associated with thyroid disruption. Ewes were treated with BPA [5 mg/(kg • d) sc] or vehicle from d 28 until the end of pregnancy. Unconjugated BPA did not appear to accumulate in pregnant ewes, and its concentration was similar in the newborns and their mothers (0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.18 ± 0.03 nmol/ml in cord and maternal blood, respectively). In amniotic fluid and cord blood, BPA-Gluc concentrations were about 1300-fold higher than those of BPA. Total T(4) concentrations were decreased in BPA-treated pregnant ewes and in the cord and the jugular blood of their newborns (30% decrease). A similar difference was observed for free T(4) plasma concentrations in the jugular blood of the newborns. Our results show in a long-gestation species with a similar regulatory scheme of thyroid function as humans that BPA in utero exposure can be associated with hypothyroidism in the newborns. If such an effect were to be confirmed for a more relevant exposure scheme to BPA, this would constitute a major issue for BPA risk assessment.

[中文摘要]  

双酚A（BPA ）干扰甲状腺性能强调了母亲/新生儿甲状腺功能的作用对胎儿造成的影响进行评估的必要性，这一模型适用于人类。本研究的目的是阐述在绵羊中妊娠与甲状腺生理机能，它可以作为研究人类相关模型，通过检验体内的双酚A和其主要代谢产物BPA-葡萄糖醛酸苷（GLUC），并确定在何种程度上可能与甲状腺破坏有关。从第28天至妊娠结束，母羊分别用双酚A [ 5毫克/ （千克• D） SC]或载体。非结合BPA似乎没有积聚在怀孕母羊体内，并且在新生儿及其母亲体内其浓度相似（分别采取0.13 ± 0.02和0.18 ± 0.03纳摩尔/毫升脐血和母血）。在羊水和脐血，双酚A - GLUC浓度比双酚A高约1300倍。双酚A处理过的怀孕母羊，和它们的新生儿的脐带血以及颈静脉血总T（4）含量均下降（减少30％）。观察到在新生儿的颈静脉血中游离T（4）血浆浓度类似的差异。我们的研究结果表明和人类一样具有类似甲状腺调节机制的长妊娠期的物种，子宫内的双酚A与新生儿甲状腺功能的发育不全有关。如果对BPA的影响目的更明确的计划还有待验证，那么主要问题就是对BPA危害评估。