| 从绵羊内源性β-逆转录病毒学习二代测序技术在哺乳动物转基因胚胎中的应用 |
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| 作者： 储明星 2013-12-02 | |
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[中文题目] 从绵羊内源性β-逆转录病毒学习二代测序技术在哺乳动物转基因胚胎中的应用 [全部的英文单位] Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
[出处] Spencer TE, Palmarini M. Application of next generation sequencing in mammalian embryogenomics: lessons learned from endogenous betaretroviruses of sheep. Anim Reprod Sci. 2012 Sep;134(1-2):95-103. [ABSTRACT] Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are present in the genome of all vertebrates and are remnants of ancient exogenous retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. The sheep genome contains 27 JSRV-related endogenous betaretroviruses (enJSRVs) related to the pathogenic Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) that have been integrating in the host genome for the last 5-7 million years. The exogenous JSRV is a causative agent of a transmissible lung cancer in sheep, and enJSRVs are able to protect the host against JSRV infection. In sheep, the enJSRVs are most abundantly expressed in the uterine epithelia as well as in the conceptus (embryo and associated extraembryonic membranes) trophectoderm. Sixteen of the 27 enJSRV loci contain an envelope (env) gene with an intact open reading frame, and in utero loss-of-function experiments found the enJSRVs Env to be essential for trophoblast outgrowth and conceptus elongation. Collectively, available evidence supports the ideas that genes captured from ancestral retroviruses were pivotal in the acquisition of new, important functions in mammalian evolution and were positively selected for biological roles in genome plasticity, protection of the host against infection of related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and a convergent physiological role in placental morphogenesis and thus mammalian reproduction. The discovery of ERVs in mammals was initially based on molecular cloning discovery techniques and will be boosted forward by next generation sequencing technologies and in silico discovery techniques. [中文摘要] 所有脊椎动物基因组中都存在内源性逆转录病毒（ERVs），它是由古代的外源性逆转录病毒感染宿主生殖细胞后经垂直遗传传递给后代的。绵羊基因组包含27 JSRV-相关内源性β-逆转录病毒（en JSRV），它们与致病性绵羊绵羊肺腺瘤病毒相关（JSRV）有关，在5百万年已经在中他们已经整合在宿主基因组中。外源性JSRV是绵羊传染性肺癌的一种病原体，内源性JSRV能够保护宿主免受JSRV的感染。内源性JSRVs在绵羊子宫和受精卵（胚胎和陪外膜）外胚层中表达最丰富。27中的16enJSRV 位点包含具有完整开放阅读框的env基因，在子宫功能缺失实验中发现enJSRVs env对于滋养层细胞的生长和胎体伸长相当重要。总的来说，现有的证据表明，从祖先逆转录病毒捕获的基因在哺乳动物进化过程中对于在新的，具有重要功能的基因的获得非常关键，在基因组可塑性生物学作用中具有积极作用，可以保护宿主细胞免受致病相关和外源性逆转录病毒的感染，在胎盘形态发生和哺乳动物繁殖中具有收敛作用。最初基于分子克隆发掘技术在哺乳动物中发现的ERVs，将会被二代测序技术和生物信息学技术继续推动前进。 相关信息: |
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